noarchive – Do not show the ‘Saved Copy’ link in the SERPs. Deindexing non-HTML filesBy adding a robots. Maybe you don’t. To add the nofollow attribute to your link, you need to select the block containing your link and then click on the 3 vertical dots icon in the top bar. There are plenty of webpages where they tell me how to do that on single files, entire websites, and directories. Now everything on the development server will be noindex and nofollow - search engines will not index your development server and your team can do the important stuff without needing to worry about search. txt file. For "noindex": <META NAME="robots" CONTENT="noindex"> For "nofollow": <META NAME="robots" CONTENT="nofollow"> For both "noindex" and "nofollow": <META NAME="robots". Reply. では、いったい何のためにnofollowを設定するのでしょうか？. Noindex Settings has been replaced by the new Show in Search Results settings under Search Appearance in version 4. . ” This still applies even if the page has specified “noindex, follow,” and the page will essentially be treated as “noindex, nofollow. Instead, use noindex like in the previous section. But rather than removing it manually, let’s try to turn off the original setting first. もし、仮に『特定商取引法に基づ. You should follow the same logic to configure noindex, nofollow tags and robots. Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand ; Advertising Reach developers & technologists worldwide; Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing; About the companyTo set the robots to NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW for a specific CMS page with a URL key of no-route-2, I usually create 2 files. zip file you download and then click “Install. follow: Tells search engines to follow all the links on this page and pass equity, even if the page isn’t indexed. index : Means the opposite and allows it. NoImageIndex: Tells search engines not to index the images on a page. How to add `nofollow, noindex` all pages in robots. However, using noindex and disallow together can create confusion for search engines. robots. I think the problem is that the Header directive shouldn't go in a Directory section. The agreement also allowed them to run ads, optimize, improve SEO, etc. Essentially the noindex tag removes a page from the search index, and a nofollow attribute removes a link from the search engine’s link graph. phranque. txt file is part of the the robots exclusion protocol (REP), a group of web standards that regulate how robots crawl the web, access and index content, and serve that content up to users. In your editing text box, select the anchor text and click on the link symbol. pdf$"> Header set X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow" </Files> # BEGIN WordPress #. def robots (content="noindex, nofollow"): def _method_wrapper (func): @wraps (func) def wrap (request, *args, **kwargs): response = func (request, *args, **kwargs) response ['X-Robots-Tag'] = content return response. Once activated, go to your page or post. Removing Pages with a ‘Noindex’ Directive from Sitemaps. You need to remove the Disallow for this site on the robots. Make sure Following Settings are on: Clear your wordpress and browser cache. htaccess file and add X-Robots-tag to it. Paid links should be disclosed through the “rel=nofollow” attribute in the hyperlink d. A configuração de robots meta tags é, geralmente, mais fácil do que a de x-robots-tag, mas a implementação de ambos os métodos de controle de como os mecanismos de pesquisa rastreiam e indexam seu site podem diferir dependendo do seu CMS e / ou tipo de servidor. . Most of the time these are used together, but sometimes they are seen as interchangeable or mis-used entirely. You can also Configure Robots. txt file: When Googlebot next crawls that page and see the tag or header, Googlebot will drop that page entirely from Google Search results, regardless of whether other sites link to it. Nofollow tags tell search engines not to pass value through the links on that page. txt to prevent crawling won't necessarily prevent indexing. x of All in One SEO. <meta name="robots" content="nofollow"> <meta name="googlebot" content="noindex"> The page containing these meta tags will be interpreted as having a noindex, nofollow rule when crawled by. 4. add NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW tags to the pages; leave the pages live; Can I ask why you're trying to do this? Might be a different/better approach to the same end goal. Wenn du dir Gedanken um die Performance deiner Website in Suchmaschinen machst, ist es nicht nur wichtig, zu wissen, wann und wann du keine nofollow-Links verwenden solltest – es ist sogar von entscheidender Bedeutung. But when you look at the HTML of that page, you can see that the link is nofollow: This means that the link isn’t going to help with my SEO. Noindex vs nofollow There are other meta robots directives that Google supports – the most popular ones include nofollow and follow. Once activated, go to your page or post. You’ll now notice the add nofollow link option under the ‘Open link in a new tab’ option. Before the September 2019 update, Google used the “nofollow” tag as an instruction to pay no attention to the link. Google's Robots meta tag and X-Robots-Tag HTTP header specifications page (Practical implementation of X-Robots-Tag with Apache section) gives an example of noindexing certain filetypes, ie: <Files ~ ". • For Pages set ‘Show Pages in search results’ to ‘Yes’. " " noreferrer " tag indicates no referrer information to be leaked on this link. I added this header in my NGINX reverse proxy as well as in NGINX config in docker where NC is. The difference between NOINDEX and robots. Слагайки, noindex, nofollow или забранявайки я с robots. Google treats long-term “noindex” tags as “nofollow,” as confirmed by Google’s John Muller. txt file. In this post, we will see all types of tags in detail. However, that doesn't mean they won't index the URL. Best bet is to create a local page, noindex, nofollow it with robots meta tag and substitute that page in for the video URL. This is the way I’m supposed to do it for a single file: <FilesMatch "robots. none . A robots. Noindex: Search robots will look at the page and any links it contains, but won’t add the page to search results. Place the tag in the header section of each of those pages. Anchor <a> tag is commonly used in HTML to define a URL/link. txt (despite being valid) How do I noindex, follow a specific category without plugins? Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build. [1] [2] 이 메타 태그를 사용하는 이유로는 로봇이 매우 큰 데이터베이스, 매우 변화가 많은 웹 페이지, 개발 중인. NoIndex: Tells search engines not to index the page so it won 't appear in search results. For example; X-Robots-Tag: noindex. 0. txt does not prevent resources from being indexed, only from being. Noindex vs nofollow There are other meta robots directives that Google supports – the most popular ones include nofollow and follow. Nofollow-Links sind nichts Neues. So, simply put the following code into your robots. Hopefully this guide gave you a better understanding of noindex vs. Add this instruction to the meta tag, this will tell Google not to follow the links. " noarchive . Google Fiber plots speedy multi-gig future. <files *. phpを使って特定ページへ直接「noindex」処理を追加してあげましょう。. NOINDEX stops web crawlers to crawl and index your webpage while NOFOLLOW stops web crawlers to follow links on the webpage. AllowOverride None. Features website filtering and custom CSS outline styles. 8 Links — HTML5. html> Header set X-Robots-Tag "index,follow" </files>. Google in particular may, however, choose to. Nofollow is an HTML attribute used to tell search engines not to follow the link to a certain page, while noindex is a meta tag that tells search engines not to index the page at all. On the home page that you allow Bing to crawl, add the noindex no follow meta tag and you should. You’ll be presented with an ‘ Indexability Report ’ outlining these two criteria. Google Fiber hopes to expand its reach to deliver one of the fastest fiber networks to multiple U. So, in the first tutorial step of PHP scripting and programming, we need to require WordPress’ wp-load. How To Noindex a Page. I looked at the source code of the page to check the meta tags, but there's nothing in there about x-robots, noindex or nofollow. Incapsula is also now a part of a new imperva product called ‘FlexProtect’, so no longer called incapsula. Thẻ Noindex là một thẻ meta để thêm vào một số bài viết trong website của bạn. Nofollow tags are similar to noindex tags, as we describe in this article on meta robots tags. Nofollow vs. 2- Go to Settings → Reading. . “nofollow” suggests to search engines (most notably Google) not to pass link equity. 結論を書くと、以下のとおり。. Nofollow tags as applied directly to links allow search engine access, but forbid the passing of link equity to the target pages. Google appears to be ignoring my robots. One idea could be to use a code snippet on the collection, page, or product template, containing conditional logic for rendering the HTML for NOINDEX, NOFOLLOW, or NOARCHIVE based on the resource's tags. After that, restart the nginx server and check nextcloud again. A noindex, follow robots meta tag is code to advise search engines like Google to not index this page, but do follow the links to other pages and pass link benefit (PageRank/PR). " nofollow " tag tells search engines "don't follow this link. php. Robots Meta Tag check. The nofollow links do not influence the search engine rankings of the linked URL as Google does not transfer PageRank or any other signals across them. 1. Thanks! This question is available on Nuxt. Setting a content type or taxonomy. With follow, your page will be blocked from indexing but will allow search bots to crawl other links placed on that page, while with nofollow, both the page itself and all links on it won’t be accessible to search bots. add_header X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow";} Robots noindex tag vs. The first check ensures your page’s robots meta tag doesn’t have a. Essentially the noindex tag removes a page from the search index, and a nofollow attribute removes a link from the search engine’s link graph. 11 NoIndex Hidden Products PRO. 6) Visualize of all posts’ and pages’ “noindex” and “nofollow” statuses. X-Robots-Tag: noindex, nofollow. Apr 15, 2016 at 13:02. This is the default state if no directive is specified. Arguably, nofollow is the most well-known among web developers and SEO experts. ”the NOFOLLOW directive only applies to links on this page. noindex: Do not allow the page to be indexed. Here is what you can do as this seems to only be an issue with Bing and just with the home page. NOFOLLOW tag tells Google not to follow the links on a specific page. There are different uses and mixes of the commands: NoIndex: search engines should not index the page (show it in search results). The important value here is noindex, as mentioned. I’ll explain: You see, Google and other search engines use links as a key ranking signal. – Jows. txt file and add the directives there to disallow everything under /campaign/, as suggested by Kristian Svensson. How long do search engines recognize the nofollow or noindex attributes? The time search engines take to recognize and respect the nofollow or noindex attributes can vary. The nofollow tag (on paid links) is to Google what the $8. Is there add "noindex" attribute for some URLs using . It's not a problem for Google to crawl that URL and it's not bad for SEO as HubSpot sends an 'x-robots-tag: none' r. The Noindex attribute indicates that the page should be excluded from indexing, while Nofollow signals that the link should not be crawled and followed. The procedure described above is absolutely acceptable for Magento ® 2. Gathering WordPress Posts and Pages for NoIndex or NoFollow. Set a product URL to noindex: - Change the product URL and save it. <Files "example. The X-Robots-Tag header is also useful because it allows you to combine multiple tags within an HTTP response or use a comma-separated list of directives to specify directives. Disallow = não permitir. WordPressで特定ページを検索エンジンにインデックスさせない方法. If a bot comes across a page with the meta data for noindex, the entire content is skipped. nofollow: Tells search engines not to follow any link on this page or pass equity. Don't use nofollow to try and stop indexing. 8 Links — HTML5 The X-Robots-Tag header is also useful because it allows you to combine multiple tags within an HTTP response or use a comma-separated list of directives to specify directives. The Importance of the Issue The NoIndex NoFollow codes explained. If this is the case, then in iis you can only use iis url rewrite to change. Check the product handle: - Find the handle by going to the edit website SEO page. I suspect this has been done through hacking by an ex SEO bad egg that was engaged to do some work. Typically, one would usually apply these effects manually per page. Thẻ Noindex là một thẻ meta để thêm vào một số bài viết trong website của bạn. It also quickly became one of Google’s recommended methods for flagging advertising-related or sponsored links. It is one of the methods of blocking indexing on a website. nositelinkssearchboxlocation = filename {add_header X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow"; } If the bot name is not specified, directives are automatically used for all crawlers. If you have something specific to “noindex” or “nofollow”, let us know in the comments below. It means noindex and nofollow. Nofollow: tells search engines not to follow the links on your page. Over time, Google will stop crawling the links on those pages altogether. <meta> tag To prevent all search. Now, eventually, noindexed pages will be treated as nofollow anyway, but Google will try pages marked noindex multiple times. 08. Nofollow is a rel attribute <rel=”nofollow”>. link_to(name, options, html_options, &block) end UPD I see that you're using middleman. Follow. noindex, nofollow in header. txt in Magento 2 Magento 2 gives the option to NOINDEX and NOFOLLOW for the whole site but whenever your site is live and sometimes you need to set NOINDEX and. The nofollow value for the rel link attribute is used to signal to search engines that they shouldn’t follow these links and therefore shouldn’t pass any link authority to the link target. nofollow . “nofollow” suggests to search engines (most notably Google) not to pass link equity through links on a. " noindex " you can't noindex a link. I want to add noindex and nofollow meta tags to all pages that return 404 errors. To simultaneously command bots not to index a page or follow the links on it, you would simply combine the noindex, nofollow definitions into one meta tag. Platform. You can also check functions. index: Means the opposite and allows it. Dec 15, 2021 at 8:32. 2. The NOINDEX robots meta tag tells search engines not to include content in search results and, if the content has already. For links. 3. Aug 17, 2013 at 22:32. The X-robots tag is in the HTTP Response header of your website. The precise mechanics of this are unclear, and. After changing the template from "page" to "page. Whatsapp Facebook Twitter Email. I just updated NC to 26. Maybe you don’t. 5- Hit the “Save Changes” button below. Aside from using meta tags, another solution to employ is to block engines on WordPress with the use of a plugin. 2) You’ll find an empty file. A rel attribute specifies the relationship between the page where the link is and the page that the link points to. Visit Stack ExchangeSitemap & Robots & NoIndex NoFollow. Do not include this web page, its associated media, or any associated resource in the search results. It is not working for me, can you please suggest any other method? – Saurabh. A page that is not indexed by Google or Bing will not pass juice period. 2020. I have a No: ‘noindex’ detected in ‘robots’ meta tag. Vì vậy, hãy bắt đầu với những điều cơ bản: có ba cách để kiểm soát phần nào. noindex" for pages and "product. . Follow edited Dec 15, 2016 at 14:49. This can be a bit confusing. phpCONCLUSION. Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Mad Fish Digital Bulk NoIndex & NoFollow Toolkit plugin <= 1. Google 2019 Update about Nofollow Links. Use the X-Robots-Tag or that meta robots tag instead! Keep reading: The ultimate guide to the meta robots tag »IMPORTANT: Using both robots. #How to ensure search engines can crawl your page. The generic version of the landing page is included in navigation, sitemap. Categories WordPress SEO. 該当する記事がある場合はfunctions. In the content you posted, you want to change "noindex; nofollow" to "index; follow". 1. txt file: User-agent: * Disallow: /. These are robots. Meta Robots Tag in short. htaccess file in that directory with the following mod_headers directive:. Header set X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow" And this would have the effect that that entire site can be indexed. noindex: Do not allow the page to be indexed. phpを使って特定ページへ直接「noindex」処理を追加してあげましょう。. Nofollow: Search robots will add the page to results, but will ignore the links within the page for ranking purposes. El noindex es una metaetiqueta HTML que ordena a las motores de búsqueda no indexar una página, es decir, que esa página no aparezca en los resultados de búsqueda. A client of mine has a lot of differentiated landing pages with only a few changes on each, but with the same intent and goal as the generic version. I looked at the source code of the page to check the meta tags, but there's nothing in there about x-robots, noindex or nofollow. htaccess and not any other means as pdf files don't have any html code for meta tag. In this article we'll explain how to do this, how interpretation and support differs per search engines and how the meta robots tag relates to the X-Robots-Tag and robots. (Keep in mind that blocking indexing doesn't prevent users from accessing a page if they know its URL. The “Noindex” and “Nofollow” commands are intended to guide bots away from certain articles. One of three situations will happen: 1) You’ll find a robots. 0. So, get rid of that robots. Below we’ll be discussing what exactly nofollow and noindex tags are, why we use them, which pages we use them on, and how we add the on WordPress. 8. 3. September 29, 2022, 10. noindex" for pages and "product. Well, now that you can export all your CMS items, why not export them all - then delete them - and then upload them all with the “noindex, nofollow. Googleはウェブサイトの構造や情報を、リンクをたどることで集めています。. txt and sitemap. Don't have much experience with it, but you can decorate like this pretty. Following is how to use Yoast SEO to noindex your WordPress pages. Noindex. 3. follow: Tells the search engines that it may follow links on the page, to discover other pages. 該当する記事がある場合はfunctions. Meta robots tags are an essential tool to improve search engine’s crawling and indexing behavior, and to control your snippets in the SERP. This steps helps in removing noindex from meta tag. Makes sure the page isn’t blocked or disallowed in your robots. So if you want to prevent Search Engines from crawling your Shopify online store add these lines to it: 1. Reply. Modified on: Thu, 19 Aug, 2021 at 4:25 PM. txt it prevents search engines from accessing and indexing the content. Why? A canonical page must be a priority for indexing. Robots Metatags Khi nào để sử dụng noindex, nofollow Cùng nhau. In my Rails application I would like to add nofollow, noindex to few links. txt. Why, well, eventually GHere is the perfect module for you all those are in need to use NOINDEX or NOFOLLOW options on different pages for better SEO. Below answer from @Dan may be correct. opener property (preventing malicious javascript). X-Robots-Tag on NC 26. , until you can redirect all duplicating pages one-to-one. Noindex nofollow. Noindex and nofollow are both meta tags that could be added to the HTML source code of a webpage. the NOFOLLOW directive only applies to links on this page. x of All in One SEO. X-Robots-Tag: noindex, max-snippet: -1. 3. . The only thing that noindex does is to keep the page from showing in the search results. Like meta robots tags, the robots directive applies to individual files. You need to go to your Magento ® admin panel, then choose “Stores” >> “Configuration” section. In the latest version of Yoast SEO, setting wpseo_robots to false now set the content value to noindex, nofollow. The robots. seo設定のnoindexにチェックを入れると、自動的にnofollowにもチェックが入るようになってしまいました。 原因と考えられるのが、大量のリビジョンを消したくて、WP-Optimizeというプラグインを利用したことです。 おそらく、リビジョンを消すだけなら問題なかったのが、ファイルもきれいに. Digging into code, the Ananke theme is checking for the HUGO_ENV environment variable regardless of the command-line options. The configuration file itself should be located in /etc/nginx/conf. - Save and check the product page to see if the noindex meta tag appears. Long-term “noindex” leads to “nofollow” You should note that the pages with the “noindex” tag in the long term will not pass any link equity to other pages. meta tags. Some crawler robots, like Google, Yahoo and Bing, support the same values for the HTTP header X-Robots-Tag; this allows non-HTML documents like images to use these rules. How To Noindex a Page. For example, you might want to add both a noindex and a nofollow tag to thank-you pages. None: This is equal to using "noindex, nofollow" combined into one value. You can find the documentation for the Noindex settings in Showing or Hiding Your Content in Search Results. Click on the Link icon you use to insert links. You should see the Global Robots Meta setting which should be set to Use Default Settings. Solution: Place a canonical tag to the page version with the most significant amount of links, internal links, etc. nofollowとは. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. txt onto the end. A robots. I just updated NC to 26. But having "noindex" on the link does not make sense because this keyword obviously pertains to the linked page so it must be defined there for the whole page (in target's page's meta tag or robots. 0. The title tends to be the URL with no description. Apr 16, 2016 at 10:37. Our NoIndex Checker tool will conduct an analysis of your page’s HTML code and the headers that your HTTP server returns. I went to. Next, we need to gather a list of posts or pages to noindex or. Diarmuid_Sexton (Diarmuid Sexton) October 10, 2018, 12:25pm 11. Use the nofollow value when other values don't apply, and you'd rather Google not associate your site with, or crawl the linked page from, your site. 5,521 Views 2 Likes Report. the NOFOLLOW directive only applies to links on this page. If HUGO_ENV==“production” then it will set the meta-tag to INDEX, otherwise it will set the meta-tag to NOINDEX. nofollow : Disallows. If you can edit that post/page/product, you can go to the advanced tab of the Yoast SEO meta box and set the option of ‘should search engines follow links on this post’ to ‘no’ and save the changes, and it should add the ‘nofollow’ tag accordingly. For example, if you have a “noindex” + “index”, then the “noindex” will override the “index. Thanks! lucy24. 0. So, what’s the right way to use them and when? They are both attribute settings which can be added to links to help direct crawlers. Franklin Okeke. It must match whatever is configured for the listen directive within the PHP FPM pool you’ll be using for NC. Although a robots noindex tag seems an easier solution to restrict your pages from indexing, there are some cases when using an X-Robots-Tag for pages is a better option: Noindexing a whole subdomain or category. Unlike nofollow, which is a hint, the noindex attribute is a directive. example, etc. Features website filtering and custom CSS outline styles. 3 Answers. def link_to_new_window(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = {}, &block) html_options[:target] = '_blank' html_options[:rel] = 'nofollow, noindex, noreferrer' helper. Nofollow tags tell search engines not to pass value through the links on that page. Backlink referrals from authoritative and high-ranking sites serve worthwhile. php file, which allows access to WordPress functions, classes, and database authentication and access. – dan ♦ Feb 22, 2015 at 21:57Create a . If you use both robots. These steps will help to resolve the issues. Severity CVSS Version 3. Details on their site here:. none . If a distinct robot is identified, the tag looks like this: Header set X-Robots-Tag "googlebot: noindex, nofollow" When you should use X-Robots-Tag. Why is Nofollow Important. 方法. nofollow and when each can be helpful to use. 1) Login as an administrator to your WordPress Admin account. The Siteimprove SEO module notifies users about pages that are excluded by noindex/nofollow. The file robots. ” 1. La etiqueta «Noindex» se inserta en el encabezado de una página y su función principal es indicar a los motores de búsqueda, como Google, que la página en cuestión no debe ser indexada cuando los bots de búsqueda recorren las URL de un sitio. Best Practices for Using Noindex, Nofollow, and Disallow. pdf$"> Header set X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow" </Files> But I can't find any explanation on how to apply an X-Robots-Tag. It is not working for me, can you please suggest any other method? – Saurabh. In Jan 2022, a marketing company that was rebuilding my website set all pages to noindex,nofollow. htaccess) you should use: <Files "dirone/*"> Header set X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow" </Files>. Dengan menggunakan “noindex” dan “nofollow” dengan bijak, Anda dapat mengontrol bagaimana mesin telusur mengindeks dan memahami konten Anda, serta mempertahankan kualitas tautan dan peringkat halaman yang relevan. If you don't have access to the server config then you should contact your webhost to see what's wrong. noindexとnofollowは、ともにHTMLのheadタグ内にマークアップするmetaタグのことで、両方一緒に書くこともできますがそれぞれ役割が違います。noindexとは、Googleなどの検索エンジンにサイトやページをインデックスさせない（検索に表示されない）ようにするためにHTMLのheadタグ内にマークアップする. Tips and tricks PHP-Handler Configuration / Avoiding “502 Bad Gateway” The server line within the upstream php-handler above needs to be adjusted to reflect your local PHP FPM configuration. 以下が記述例となります↓. Tras terminar el análisis deberemos ir a la pestaña de Directivas y en el menú de filtro introducir Noindex primero y nofollow después. the ultimate-noindex-nofollow-tool-ii directory to the /wp-content/plugins directory; Activate the plugin through the ‘Plugins’ menu in WordPress; Reviews. Example 2: You sell. It's entirely likely that a robot might find the same links on some other page without a NOFOLLOW (perhaps on some other site), and so still arrives at your undesired page. Отказваме се и от тези връзки, техния, да го нарека, pagerank, въпреки че те са други. So i want to set index & follow on production env, and noindex & nofollow on development env. Nofollow and disallow should not be combined. Thanks for the tag . The code is loaded within the head section of a web page and looks like this when viewing the code source: The above code can be added to WordPress. – The “noindex” rule in robots meta tags is the most effective way to remove URLs from the index when you do allow crawling. This can be a bit confusing. nofollow . Some pages, like sitemaps or legal content, generally shouldn't be indexed. Because I don’t want 404 pages to be tracked. Details on their site here:. Nofollow: Search robots will add the page to results, but will ignore the links within the page for ranking purposes. Henry H. コピペでOK！. txt and noindex nofollow tags are somewhat conflicting signals to Google. With these lines, you tell web crawlers (called “ robots “) not to index your pages. So by following the solution given below, I added the X-Robots-Tag is my . noindexとnofollowは、どちらも検索エンジンのクローラー（ロボット）に対する指示のことですが、両者の具体的な違いは以下のとおりとなります。 noindex ：Webページの情報をGoogle検索のデータベースに登録しないと指示を出すこと。 add_header X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow, nosnippet, noarchive"; Should be nice to check before and after the modification with an: # service nginx reload Nofollow and Noindex in Magento ® 2.